The Ontology of Plato and Lucretius Essay Example for Free

The Ontology of Plato and Lucretius Essay Ontology is the science involved with the study of nature and the different aspects of being. It is an arm of the realm of metaphysics and is understood to be a mixture of two fields: science and philosophy. It can be considered as the primary philosophy as it serves as an instrument through which different problems regarding the relations of being and nature are examined. Ontology involves many different concepts and has evolved through the years to include many theories and evaluations established by renowned philosophers. It has grown to include a large body of knowledge. The specific ontologies to be tackled here, however, will only include two of the more popular philosophers involved in the field, namely, Plato and Lucretius.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Plato’s Theory of Forms states the different aspects of his ontology. The theory was first established in Plato’s Republic, as evidenced in the   Myth of the Sun, the Divided Line, and the Myth of the Cave and is composed of five basic characteristics. First, words are the names of things. This means that words or nouns are names of actual entities. Second, that Forms exist. This second characteristic expounds the first indicating that the words that name things or entities are particular to a certain form. Thus the entity takes form. This is part of Plato’s concept of dualism indicating the presence of two worlds: the sensible-where specific objects exist and the intelligible-where the Forms exist. The third characteristic stresses that the Forms of objects have more weight in reality than do ordinary objects. This is because of the stated fact that Forms are universal indicating more permanence and greater contribution to the identity of a particular object. Fourth, all particular objects in the sensible world are directly related to their counterpart forms in the intelligible world through a process coined by Plato as â€Å"participation†. This process was never expounded and remains problematic to this day. The fifth characteristic of the theory states that the forms residing in the intelligible world are the causes of or are the reasons for events occurring in the sensible world. Lucretius also stated his own ontology through his six-book poem entitled De Rerum Natura or On the Nature of Things. This epic poem is the only known work produced by this Epicurean poet. Lucretius first establishes his ontology through by restating the characteristics of the atomic theory: nothing comes from nothing, nothing becomes nothing, everything is composed of the indivisible bodies called atoms, and atoms are separated by empty space. Thus Lucretius believed that the basic units of reality were only the body, composed of atoms, and void, space between atoms. Everything that is perceived in reality simply stems from the properties present in these two basic units. Thus concrete bodies are simply aggregations of many atoms combined and space is merely extended to exist between these atoms. Thus it is only the combination of these individsible atoms that leads to the formation of more complex structures and beings. It should be noted that Lucretius did not make use of the word â€Å"atom†. Instead, he used terms such as the primordial rerum, seeds, and matter. These terms served the purposes of his poetry better and were more appropriate to the context in which these matters were discussed and used. Both Plato and Lucretius presented their ontologies through literary works. Both were able to maintain the beliefs established in their individual theological commitments in their ontologies. Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura was completely in line with Epicurean teachings. Plato’s ontology was also clearly in agreement with his theologies as it was often restated in many of his writings. References Watt, S. (1997). Introduction: the theory of forms (books 5-7). In Plato:Republic (15-16) London: Wordsworth Editions Englert, W. (2003). Lucretius, on the nature of things. Newburyport, Mass.: Focus. Ross, D. (1951). Platos Theory of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Small Business Administration (SBA) Essay -- GCSE Business Marketi

The Small Business Administration (SBA) In July of 1953 the United States Congress amended an act called the Small Business Act. Many believed that the essence of the American economic system of private enterprise is free competition. Also, that only through full and free competition can free markets, free entry into business, and opportunities for expression and growth of personal initiative and individual judgment can be assured. Thus, the Small Business Act was amended. In order to carry out the policies of this Act there was hereby created an agency under the name "Small Business Administration". The United States Small Business Administration, more commonly known as the SBA, is a federal agency to protect and assist America's greatest resource, the small business. Since American enterprise is the backbone of our economy and the driving force behind economic growth and prosperity. ?The mission of the Small Business Administration (SBA) is to maintain and strengthen the Nation's economy by aiding, counseling, assisting, and protecting the interests of small businesses and by helping businesses and families recover from disasters.? The SBA's mission is to create economic development through small businesses. To put it in simple terms, the SBA helps businesses get started and helps established businesses grow. The SBA has many functions; here we discuss the six of the functions that small businesses should look at. The first function of the SBA is Business Development, based on management assistance through information, counseling, training and conferences, utilizing the following programs: Â · Services Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) Â · Small Business Institutes (SBI) Â · Small Business Development Centers (SBDC) Â · ... ...er loans are primarily to help homeowners, renters, and businesses of all sizes for rebuilding there disrupted home or business. When the natural disaster victims need to barrow money to rebuild uninsured damages, it is a good way to go, when you go to the SBA because of the low interest rates, and long-term availability from the SBA. The key things about the loans are that they fix them to your economic standing. Since the SBA was implemented in 1953 the disaster loan assistance program has approved 1.14 million loans and has loaned out more than 16 billion dollars. The SBA has four distinct offices that deal with disaster loans and they are located in Sacramento California, Atlanta Georgia, Ft. Worth Texas, and Niagara Falls New York. The offices are located in very distinct areas of concentration. Due to the fact of geographical storms or natural disasters.

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (C.R.N.A.)

Imagine having a career that truly has a positive impact on others even from the beginning of your duties. A specialized nurse called a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist or C.R.N.A. knows this feeling well. This type of nurse is able to administer anesthesia to patients having surgical, dental or medical procedures to prevent the patient from having any pain during the procedure. To become a nurse anesthetist a registered nurse must complete more extensive training and testing. Patients typically are happy to see anesthetist knowing they will keep them from experiencing any pain www.uta.edu/nursing/BaylorAweb/anesth.htm). The nurse anesthetist has many responsibilities while on duty. One of the most important aspects of the anesthetist is balancing the depth of sedation. If a patient receives too much anesthesia medicine they can have trouble breathing and may need to be put on a ventilator. If the patient does not receive enough medicine they may end up feeling the pain of their surgery. Another important role of the nurse anesthetist is to teach the patient and their family things they need to know regarding their condition. During a procedure the nurse anesthetist must closely watch the patient for any signs or symptoms of impending danger and respond quickly to keep the patient stable. The nurse must always monitor and record the condition of the patient as well as the vital signs before, during and after the surgery. At the end of the surgery the anesthetist needs to monitor the patient until the effects of the anesthesia wear off. Sometimes the anesthetist will give the patient a medication that will reverse the effects of the anesthesia (www.uta.edu). Nurse Anesthetist 2 The nurse anesthetist can have a great impact on how the patient feels about the care they receive. The obvious impact that a nurse anesthetist has on a patient is freedom from the fear of pain. This is a great relief for the patient which will in turn encourage the patient to cooperate in their care. Having a nurse anesthetist is cost effective when compared to an anesthesiologist which is a medical doctor who also has had training in anesthesia. To apply the concept of Neuman’s System Model a nurse anesthetist needs to be able to communicate clearly with the patient. If the patient understands details of his or her treatment they are more likely to cooperate. This model explains that mental health is not stuck in one spot but is on a pole which can move toward or away from wellness. To keep stress as low as possible, three levels of prevention are used. Primary prevention is used before symptoms happen. Secondary prevention is when symptoms are present. This helps build a defense by bringing the surface resources that usually were not required. Tertiary prevention looks at the return of the patient’s wellness. This is done by building on the client’s strengths. All three levels are meant to cause reduced stress and increase wellness (www.geocities.com). Nurses happened to be the first group of professionals to administer anesthesia in the United States. The AANA is an association that represents nurse anesthetists across the world. The association was formed in 1931 and currently represents about 28,000 CRNA’s (www.aana.com). Nurse Anesthetist 3 Many nurses are attracted to this profession for many reasons. One large difference from a registered nurse and a nurse anesthetist is the pay. On average a nurse anesthetist can usually earn double the income of the registered nurse. More money is needed however for education because there is at least two more years of schooling to take to become a nurse anesthetist but the payoff will be well worth it. Many nurses are intrigued by the never ending learning. Anesthesia is still somewhat a mystery to scientists and there are new discoveries being made every day. Many people in the medical profession enjoy lifelong learning and this happens to be one of the professions that can provide never ending questions. Many nurses still get great satisfaction from having a good relationship with their patients. It can feel very rewarding to ease a patients worries regarding surgery. A confident nurse anesthetist can reassure a worried patient that she will be watched and taken care of closely. The amount of responsibility also is one of the reasons that being a nurse anesthetist is such a fulfilling career. There are many other people in the room during surgery but the anesthetist has the responsibility to monitor the patient’s consciousness and to adjust as needed. The patient may be on a ventilator temporarily so the airway needs close attention. Due to the fact that anesthesia can have an effect on vital signs the nurse anesthetist much watch for changes closely. All in all the responsibilities of this career are many and demanding but having the chance to make such a direct impact on someone’s life is a privilege. The gratitude you may receive will become the icing on the cake. Nurse Anesthetist Running Head: Nurse Anesthetist The Role and Responsibilities of the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist I. Introduction a. define CRNA b. training requirements II. Role and Responsibilities III. Impact of the Profession IV. Neuman’s System Model V. Desirability of the Profession Work Cited 1. (www.aana.com), Qualifications and Capabilities of the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, retrieved 05/20/2007. 2. (www.geocities.com), Neuman’s System Model, retrieved 05/20/2007. 3. (www.uta.edu/nursing/BaylorAweb/anesth.htm), Nurse Anesthetist, retrieved 05/20/2007.

Essay on Jane Austens Middle-class Female - 987 Words

Jane Austens Middle-Class Female Jane Austin insightfully portrays the class mentalities of the middle and upper classes during the early nineteenth century in her novel Pride and Prejudice. Society then was overly preoccupied with the distinction of classes, and with these shameless distinctions there existed an obvious hierarchy that governed peoples behavior and obligations to their respective societies. Austens story focuses on Elizabeth Bennet and her family, who are well-to-do members of middle-class society in England. Throughout the novel, the Bennets maintain social contact with their fellows of the middle-class as well as with upper-class characters; and as vanity, love, and gossip permeate the storys development,†¦show more content†¦A prime example of this haughty vanity is found in the Bingley sisters, who despise the Bennets and waste no effort attempting to conceal this fact. Their prejudiced behavior becomes especially evident during Elizabeths visit to Netherfield, where Jane is laid up sick. With no other alternative, Elizabeth had chosen to walk the three mile journey in her haste to see her sister. Miss Bingley later remarks to her own sister, I could hardly keep my countenance. Very nonsensical to come at all! Why must she be scampering about the country, because her sister had a cold? Her hair so untidy, so blowsy! (36). Unfortunately, many of the other middle-class women in the book, especially Mrs. Bennet, share this deep regard for the superiority of the higher class. However, if many of the middle-class character do show submission and lower taste, this notion is starkly contrasted by Miss Bingleys senselessness in her fawning behavior toward Darcy. In her efforts to gain his favor and disincline him to Elizabeth, she actually accomplishes the very opposite. Mr. Darcy, a man of impeccable refinement, is turned off by her pushy pestering, and her snide, verbal challenges to Elizabeth serve to display the latters sensibility and her indifference to petty quarrels. For instance, while the three briefly occupy the same room, Miss Bingley attempts to provoke Elizabeth, cuttingly saying, Miss Eliza Bennet despises cards. She is a greatShow MoreRelatedBritish Social Class in Mansfield Park by Jane Austen1742 Words   |  7 Pagesis a complete socially oriented novel. In this novel Jane Austen closely describe the everyday life of rural middle class society, its gaieties and hardships, describing a distinct system of moral and social principles influencing people’s lives in that period, women status in the system and female life expectations. In the novel Austen shows the efforts of some trying to break the predetermined limitations in order to improve their social class and rank. Austen pointed out the social threats thatRead MoreEssay Feminism and Jane Austens Emma1151 Words   |  5 Pageswas not popular by that time, author can only through literature to express her thought and discontented about society. Jane Austenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Emma advocates a concept about the equality of men and women. Also satirizes women would depend on marriage in exchange to make a living or money in that era. By the effect of society bourgeois, Emma has little self-arrogant. She is a middle class that everyone could admire, â€Å"Young, pretty, rich and clever†, she has whatever she needs. She disdains to have friendsRead MoreJane Austen and Her Feminism1158 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen and Her Feminism ---analyzing of feminism revealed in Pride and Prejudice Introduction It is universally acknowledged that Jane Austen was a major woman novelist in English; but it is also a truth that almost as universally ignored that Jane Austen was a feminist. 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