Introduction to counselling

Counseling Skills Day one was one of nerves mixed with anticipation. I already told myself not to have an expectation Just to turn up openly and approach the course as I progress. The Introduction was as expected, Mrs../Miss Rachel Ellis, our tutor introduces herself then explain her she will like us to get to know each other for 10 minutes then talk about the person who Just told you about them self. We were sat in a semi-circle awards the front of the class.It was a matter of Just the person next to you In an anta-clock wise manner. Sitting to my right was fellow student Citrine (CIA) happily married, two kids, employed and was on the course as a matter of exploring. As Citrine and I were the two last persons to Introduce each other, we had the opportunity to listen and establish what background the other students/landfalls and possible the â€Å"driving force† behind the course. As expected It was a diverse, In seasons and profession, and this for me was a really good thing within.Although the reasoning was diverse due to the diversity of employment, not until the end I realize the goals were common. Everyone just wanted to reach out to others in some way. This was made clear through communicating and relating to other members of the group conducting various exercises. Mainly, the points of reflection study/discussion sessions. With all this said a few of the fundamental things I were reminded of/ earn of today was the important aspects confidentiality issues, especially in the training group.In addition I'm able to recognize the importance of building a relationship with others within our group. With these two, other members will be more expressive (openness) and therefore there will be more rewarding for all concerns. Finally, I can apply the study skills to reflect on my learning.

Noodles industry in India with market share Essay

‘Growing Up’ The Instant noodles market in India is finally coming of age after over 25 years The instant noodles category in India was, in a sense, created by Nestlà © with the introduction of their Maggi brand in mid-1980s. The concept of ‘2-minute noodles’, positioned as a quick snack option for children, found acceptance with both the children and their mothers as well. Having built and nurtured the category’s evolution, the brand name â€Å"Maggi† almost became a synonym for the instant noodles category itself. During the 1990s and 2000s, Maggi faced little competition. Despite the entry of players like Top Ramen (Indo Nissin Foods) in 1991, Ching’s Secret (Capital Foods) in 1996, and Wai Wai (CG Foods) in 2005, Maggi continued to retain its dominant position. However, in the past few years, we have seen consumer goods giants ITC (Sunfeast Yippee!), Glaxo-Smithkline (Horlicks Foodles), and Hindustan Unilever Limited (Knorr Soupy Noodles) foray into this lucrative market with differentiated product offerings. These brands have brought a competitive intensity to the space. This market now also comprises private labels like Feasters (AV Birla Retail), Tasty Treat (Future Group), and Smart Choice (Spencers). Even though ‘Maggi’ continues to dominate the market with a share in excess of 75%, the entry of multiple brands and the increasing aggression of existing brands has taken away several percentage points from Maggi’s market share. The category’s strong growth, and ever widening consumer acceptance, makes it a lucrative option for various players. The instant noodles market is estimated at ~INR 2200 crore (USD 402.7 million) and is projected to grow at a healthy annual rate of ~15% over the next few years. There are several reasons behind the growth this category has realized, in India, some of which are mentioned below. ï‚ · Changing consumer lifestyles – Over the years, the change in consumers’ preferences and eating habits, and their wider global exposure, along with an increasingly younger population, the growth in the middle class, with more nuclear families, and the growing time-poverty (as a result of the rise in the number of working couples) has given a boost to the convenience food segment. As a result, the instant noodles market has charted a high growth trajectory thanks to its availability, affordability, anytime-anywhere consumption and convenience, being a quick meal requiring minimal cooking. Instant noodles have also emerged from being a snack food or an occasional, alternate eating option to a mainstream food item of choice featuring regularly in consumers’ grocery baskets. ï‚ · Growing customer base – The emergence of instant noodles has added a new dimension to consumers’ meals; noodles are being consumed not just by kids (who are the core target audience) as an evening snack or a ‘tiffin’ meal but by consumers across all age groups, as an eating option beyond the ‘mundane’ ones. While it continues to be a home snack, it is also increasingly being consumed at workplace, colleges, etc. Geographically too, the appetite for instant noodles is growing with players now eyeing the semi-urban and rural markets. The category’s penetration is low in India (~20-25%), thus presenting a lucrative opportunity for growth. ï‚ · More options and variants: Players present in the space are innovating and adding value to establish a unique brand proposition in the consumers’ mind. Some of the major developments in this direction include: o Introduction of new flavors: To kindle the consumer’s interest in the category and also cater to the diverse and changing tastes of the consumer, instant noodles brands constantly enhance their product offerings by adding new flavors. In addition to the classic Masala and Chicken flavors, a wide range of flavors including Indo-Chinese, Chinese, tomato, etc. have been launched. 1 o Growing focus on health: Despite their fondness for instant noodles, consumers in India hold the notion that noodles are unhealthy, being made from ‘maida’ which is seen as not being as healthy as ‘atta’. To address this concern, brands are proactively introducing ‘healthy’ offerings as part of their product portfolio. Maggi and Top Ramen have their ‘atta’ noodles, while Horlicks Foodles was launched entirely on the health platform, with the noodles made from wheat or multiple grains and including a vitamin-supplying â€Å"Health Maker†. Additionally, HUL has also positioned its Knorr Soupy Noodles as a healthy, fun-filled snack. o More packaging variants: Brands have introduced packs in different sizes, right from single noodle packs of 50-75 gm. to value eight noodle packs. Further, to increase the category’s penetration, brands like Maggi and Wai Wai have extended product offerings in an even smaller pack size, priced at INR 5. o Category extension from pouch to cup noodles: A vital development in the market was the extension from pouch noodles to cup noodles that are ready-to-eat, on adding hot water, unlike pouch noodles that require to be cooked. The driving factor here is that convenience (the need for an on-the-go meal) is gaining in prominence in consumers’ lives owing to the rise in a younger working population and a migrant population, the increasing population of double income households with more working women, etc. Top Ramen offers different flavors in cup noodles, mini cup noodles, and mug noodles. Maggi and Wai Wai have extended to cup noodles as well. Modern formats, which provide high product visibility and good product displays, are acting as a good marketing platform for brands to promote their product offerings via consumer schemes like price discounts, bundled offers, sampling for new launches, etc. However, about 80-90% of instant noodles sales takes place through traditional formats (mom and pop stores), which is not surprising since noodles are a regular grocery item. Thus players need to invest significantly in distribution and establish a widespread retail reach and tap into a larger consumer base. Therefore, distribution remains an important enabler for this category. Another key challenge for players is to maintain price points and margins given the fluctuations in input costs. Usually, they opt to reduce pack sizes, while keeping prices constant, to counter the challenge. In its journey of 28 years, the instant noodles market has undergone several changes, viz. the entry of several new players, innovations in products and value-addition in packaging, the emergence of modern formats, a shift in consumption towards convenience foods, etc. Going forward, this market will continue to register a doubledigit growth and will witness higher competitive intensity. The strength of the distribution networks and media campaigns of the new entrants has the potential to be a game-changer and may eventually cause Maggi to face some serious competition, and perhaps even make this pioneering brand fight to defend its dominance. This category is finally coming of age and promises to be an interesting space to watch in the next few years. Authored By: Pragya Singh – Associate Director, Retail Ashima Anand- Senior Consultant, Retail

Elementary Examination Type Examples

David, Alyssa Marie L. EDUC05A BEEd/A34(Miss Oharrah Mae Bernardez) SCIENCE III Test I: Multiple Choice: DIRECTION: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. ) These foods are the energy-giving foods. a. ) Go Foodsc. ) Grow Foods b. ) Glow Foodsd. ) Junk Foods 2. ) These foods are the body-building foods. a. ) Go Foodsc. ) Grow Foods b. ) Glow Foodsd. ) Junk Foods 3. ) These foods are the regulating foods. a. ) Go Foodsc. ) Grow Foods b. ) Glow Foodsd. ) Junk Foods 4. ) Unhealthy foods belongs to ____________.a. Go Foodsc. ) Grow Foods b. ) Glow Foodsd. ) Junk Foods 5. ) Chicken, egg, fish and meat are ___________. a. ) Go Foodsc. ) Grow Foods b. ) Glow Foodsd. ) Junk Foods 6. ) Fruits and vegetables group belongs to ___________. a. ) Go Foodsc. ) Grow Foods b. ) Glow Foodsd. ) Junk Foods 7. ) Which of the following foods does NOT belong to the group? a. ) Cheese Curlsc. ) Apple b. ) Bananad. ) Eggplant 8. ) Which of the following statements is TRUE?a. ) Man can live without food c. ) Food is not important to man b. Man cannot live without foodd. ) Food doesn’t give energy to man 9. ) Glow Foods makes our bones ___________. a. ) grow tallerc. ) be attentive b. ) be strongd. ) be active 10. ) Grow Foods helps young children __________. a. ) grow tallerc. ) be attentive b. ) be strongd. ) be active 11. ) Go Foods keeps us ___________. a. ) alert and activec. ) sleepy and tired b. ) grow tallerd. ) strong 12. ) Man takes food to have the needed __________ to be able to do activities. a. ) boredomc. ) attention b. ) energyd. ) friends 1

Peasant Life in Elizabethan England Research Paper

Peasant Life in Elizabethan England - Research Paper Example The neediness hit individuals made due with constrained assets and were drained by the rich in each and every condition receptive. Religion was a key part of life in the lives of the individuals in the Elizabethan period with Roman Catholic as the prevailing religion. This paper focuses on the lives of the peasants inside the Elizabethan time of time. Religion was a key part of the Elizabethan life. The Church was the wellspring of both assistance and treachery for poor people. The Justice of Peace (Jps) were assessment authorities profited in every ward that gathered a duty from the individuals who claimed land in the area. It was known as the Poor Rate and was utilized to help poor people (Mcginnis 203). The Poor Rate had two functions in the social order. First and foremost, it made the poor feel that something was being ruined them and made them feel less furious about the neediness. Besides, some great work could be carried out by the poor inside the area to help that ward. Along these lines, the Justice of Peace went about as administrators of the poor throughout the Elizabethan period. The poor were sorted into three aggregations by the administration. To start with, there were the defenseless poor (Mortimer 26). This assembly incorporated the old, the debilitated, the disabled and the stranded youngsters. Seniors and the crippled had been given a differing measure of cash and sustenance proportions on week after week foundation. At whatever point they were unable to gather their endowments, they could be transported to their living arrangement. Poor youngsters got an extraordinary apprenticeship secured due to the ward. In this way, the ward profited from the free work until the youngster became a mature person and deduce new dexterity. The powerless poor were not viewed as a trouble to the legislature. Ordinarily, the wards offered them the permit to ask (Claments). The second classes were distinguished as the capable poor. These people were

In 2,500 words, discuss and analyse the key principles important for Essay

In 2,500 words, discuss and analyse the key principles important for developing speaking, listening, writing or reading skills ( - Essay Example A number of methods and techniques that demonstrate the implementation of these theoretical perspectives in the classroom are also articulated, including methods for specific class environments. Introduction Contemporary research into foreign language reading instruction notes that teaching models are greatly varied. Teaching models in first language reading have served foundationally as models in teaching second-language reading. Stahl and Hayes (1997) have discussed the ways that academic models influence and help shape approaches that teacher’s adopt in the classroom. The types of models also change with practitioners’ age and experience. A main concern is that the difference between first language reading teaching and second language reading teaching is that the students have already developed first language reading skills that are influencing the second-language reading process. The different orthographies of the first-language also affect second-language reading a bility and researchers argue that this must be taken into consideration when developing lesson plans. Second language reading theory dates back to the inception of psychology as a formal discipline with cognitive theorists such as William Wundt. This research focused mainly on investigating perceptual issues. Beginning in the 1880s researchers fore-grounded the foundations of what came to represent the predominant focus of studies for the next century. In 1908 Huey published Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading which shifted focus in a more behaviorist slant until the 1960s. With Syntactic Structures and further attacks on behaviorist processes, academic attention shifted back to perceptual issues, with researchers investigating reading speed and eye focus. Notably, it was around this time that reading comprehension became a major issue for teachers. Today there are a number of key principles that are crucial to teaching reading in the foreign language classroom. Still, it is necessar y for the teaching professional to balance these elements according to classroom circumstances and student needs. This essay discusses and analyses the key principles important for developing reading skills and ways these principles can be applied in the foreign language classroom. Communicative Competence Key Principles Research on communicative competence reading theory differs greatly in its exact definition, with each offering slight variations of perspective. In Fundamental Considerations of Language Testing, Bachman offers an extremely dichotomous definition of communicative competence. He begins by stating that effective communication begins with a Language Competence phase and then filters down to a Strategic, Psychophysiological, and ultimately contextual scenario. In large part, Bachman is making the case that separate components of language exist that can’t be measured in objective, starkly grammatical terms. That while Organizational Competence, or â€Å"those ab ilities involved in producing†¦grammatically correct sentences† is a major component of language, communicative competence functions to illuminate the necessity of teaching, â€Å"†¦language users and the context of communication† – that is, pragmatic concerns (Bachman 87). In Communicative Competence, an example of the written elements of language is examined through

Problems Analysis and Solutions for Akiko Sushi Bar Research Paper

Problems Analysis and Solutions for Akiko Sushi Bar - Research Paper Example Given the high competition in the food industry, it is important that the bar implement the best practices in the industry. Akiko Sushi bar is small eatery, with one waitress and a chef. The main problem facing the bar is the quality of its services. The bar has about three tables and a few seats and hence the customers that visit the bar expect personalized service. However, contrary to their expectation, the services are not personalized, and this has left many of them dissatisfied with the quality of the service. Some of the customers have opted never to visit the bar again. The project attempts to understand why there are poor services in the bar, and how to improve the services. In particular, the research project will look at how the staff can handle the customers professionally, and how to reduce the time that lapses before a customer is served. The project will be of great benefit to the bar, as its recommendation will enable the bar to compete with other eateries in the area. The bar is facing a problem of the poor services. Data from the customers is required to enable the research understand why the bar services are poor and how to improve them. The research project needed to analysis the customers’ experiences when they visit the bar and look at how customers rate the services. The research project used data from the Yelp website (www.yelp.com). The yelp website offers a customer the ability to write a review of a business services and rate them. The customer can rate the services on a scale of one to five, with five being the best rating. Moreover, the rating and reviews can be done by elite members, and this improves the credibility of the data provided by the website. The data was grouped into two; i.e., the rating and reviews. The rating was from 304 people, which gave a good sample for the research. The reviews offered insight on why the customers regarded the services to be poor. The customers explained what they experienced in the bar.

Social Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Media - Assignment Example A legally astute marketer greatly reduces the transaction costs by forming strong relationships with the company’s customers and by taking timely judgments. However, operating in the cyberspace has its own risks and thus, legalities apply. The most common risk is that relating to intellectual property that may be misused against the terms of the licenses. In such cases, knowledge about legal tools helps in the protection of intellectual properties and other copyright data. A major risk of operating in the cyberspace is the generation of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM). While social media outlets are great places to promote businesses and products for a low investment, they may sometimes even produce unintended outcomes. The presence of social media on the internet allows messages to travel fast in almost buzz-like fashion (Cheung and Thadani, 2010). In such a case, negative product reviews from discontent customers may hurt the brand image and may also discourage potential customers from buying. The situation calls for a dispute resolution strategy where customer dissonance is resolved and feedback is taken as to the improvement of a company’s product or services. Many businesses often dedicate exclusive feedback email addresses or hotlines in order to resolve the customer strives. Perhaps it is more sensible to deal with such complaints outside social media channels so as to prevent the spread of negative eWOM that may prove damaging to the customer-business relationship. Social media has changed how transactions occur over the internet and how audiences are engaged. Many of such consumer transactions now occur over state lines where the federal government is involved. Since most of social data, such as that on Twitter, is real time data the federal government can analyze such data in order to respond to them. The federal government Federal Social Media Community of Practice (2013) has introduced

Bio-Terrorism preparedness and response Module 3 SLP MHE 507 Essay

Bio-Terrorism preparedness and response Module 3 SLP MHE 507 - Essay Example ecast, the public health officials in particular attempt to develop and refine a â€Å"new methods of surveillance† (Buehler, Berkelman, Hartley, & Peters, 2004). These surveillance methods or systems -- also known as syndromic surveillance -- are principally intended to detect â€Å"early manifestations of bioterrorism-related disease.† The ultimate goal of syndromic surveillance is the earlier detection of bioterrorism-related disease before it exponentially spread to the community. However, few have questioned (if not attacked) the efficiency and/or accuracy, among other things, of the current surveillance systems. Researchers, working for the bioterrorism preparedness and response, admit openly that the attainability or feasibility of the syndromic surveillance’s goal â€Å"remains unproved† (Buehler et al., 2004). No doubt, it is very important to fully learn the fundamental component, in the epidemiologic level, of the â€Å"biological agents used as weapons† (Pavlin, 1999). In grasping their basic principles, public health officials -- such as those in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) -- will be able to determine and detect the symptoms and/or prodromal illnesses generally characterized by bioterrorism-related diseases. According to Buehler et al. (2004), the early signs of people contaminated with anthrax are â€Å"nonspecific symptoms† that last for a few days and followed by a â€Å"severe disease.† Fortunately, scientists and medical practitioners understand the essential framework or nature of inhalational anthrax. It is only a matter of time (and technology) before one can truly detect the onset of the severe disease. One of the reasons why the goal of syndromic surveillance is difficult to be achieved is because of the nature of the inhalational anthrax itself. Syndromic surveillance basically aims to determine the bioterrorism-related disease in the earliest possible time -- that is, before clinicians or medical professionals

The Relationships between Organizational Culture, Total Quality Essay

The Relationships between Organizational Culture, Total Quality Management Practices and Operational Performance - Essay Example The paper will begin with the description of what quality actually is and why is it important for a company to integrate the element of quality in all of the business processes. Quality means to achieve excellence the business processes, such as, product manufacturing and provision of services to the customers. Any organization or a company can satisfy the stakeholders and the customers only if it provides them with quality in the products and services that they use. Quality is the key to organizational success as it leads the companies towards market domination. â€Å"Quality should be aimed at total customer satisfaction with the product or service you are selling†. Quality also means to seek continuous improvement in the products and services that are manufactured by any organization. Two important aspects of quality include quality control and quality assurance. Quality control is a process, which is employed in order to ensure the required level of excellence and quality in a product or service delivered by a company. Quality assurance, on the other hand, is a process in which products manufactured by a company are checked for quality in every stage in order to know whether those products meet customers’ expectations or not. If we talk about total quality management, we can say that it is implemented in a company to ensure that the products and services delivered by the company to the customers meet the quality standards. It is an integrated organization-wide philosophy, which aims to provide continuous improvement to the quality of the products and services in order to make them productive for a company. ... Total quality management practices should be based on some established quality standards, such as, ISO 9000 series and ISO 9001 series. The companies using TQM approach believe in the importance of knowledge for organization’s success. TQM makes use of employees’ knowledge to create innovative and high quality products for the customers. Talking about total quality management, we can say that it acts as the foundation for an organization’s success because without implementation of an effective quality management system, no organization can be able to manufacture premium quality products. The role of people in TQM is to put every effort in the development of high quality products in order to increase customer satisfaction. Employees and the management staff of a company put mutual efforts for achieving goals and objectives of the company. One of the main requirements of implementing quality standards is the establishment of measurable objectives by the company, wh ich adopts any specific series of quality standards. Another requirement is that employees of a company should feel their responsibility and should know how to achieve the goals and objectives related to quality set by the managers of the company. For example, ISO 9000: 2000 requires quality to be the first priority for every employee working for any organization. According to the ISO 9000:2000 standards, for any product, managers should first identify the product requirements by analyzing the demands of the customers, analyzing basic and essential requirements of the product, analyzing statutory and legal regulations regarding the product, and determining any additional requirements related to the

Workplace Drug Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Workplace Drug Testing - Essay Example Drug Testing may help in identifying and understanding employee situation and deciding on whether to employ a new person because drug abusers always have a certain behavior pattern. Drug abusers may find it hard to follow normal performance standard and make an individual unable to follow normal time patterns. In that case, drug testing amongst employees may boost general performance of the organization. Moreover, the Fourth Amendment of the constitution permits drug testing amongst employees thus making it a legitimate need for government agencies. Drug testing is therefore done because it is a Federal Law requirement. Finally, drug testing acts as a social responsibility because it is a way of combating drug use and saving many people’s career. When employees test positive, several companies send employees for treatment instead of laying them off.Testing Affect Employees’ RightsDrug testing tends to interfere with the privacy of individual employees to some extent. Fo r instance carrying out urine testing is intrusive and an invasion of employees’ privacy. This is because workers are asked to list all the drug prescription as well as over-the-counter drugs taken in the last 30 days. Listing the drugs taken for the last thirty days is an intrusion of privacy because it may be possible to know and understand medical histories of the employees tested for drugs. Medical reports for individuals are always confidential and should not be revealed to the third party, as is the case.

PRELIMINARY BIBLIOGRAPHY AND OUTLINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PRELIMINARY BIBLIOGRAPHY AND OUTLINE - Essay Example Granting of permission to the individuals to live with the individual of his/her choice without any discrimination of gender, age, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status etc projected immorality and debauchery in society. Only few thinkers belonging to the Devlin’s school of thought advocated the imposition and observing of moral laws; while a large majority of so-called enlightened theorists supported the idea of freedom to a horrible scale. The entire social establishment, because of the very possibility of the unwed mothers’ involvement in prostitution and other deviant behaviors on the one hand, and their children’s possible becoming the victim of torture, assaults, sexual abuse and starvation etc. The young girls also become victim of the abuse at the hands of stepfathers, uncles, teachers, neighbors and strangers. It is therefore, the law enforcing agencies must announce strict punishments and penalties on the individuals responsible for deflowering the girls. The moral values should also be introduced in the light of the sacred teachings manifestly elucidated in the Holy Scripture. Since the Scriptures belonging to all religions lay stress upon morality and ethical values, introducing of moral laws would be imperatively beneficial for the entire society. Berger, P., & Kellner, H. Marriage and the Construction of Reality: An Exercise in the Micro-sociology of Knowledge. In G. Handel, & G. G. Whitchurch (Eds), the Psychosocial Interior of the Family (4th ed., pp. 19-36). New York: Aldine De Gruyter. Web Web 26 May 2012 Cardock, C. & Gardner, J.R. Psychological intervention for parishes following accusations of child sexual abuse In S.J. Rossetti (Ed.). Slayer of the soul: Child sexual abuse and the Catholic Church Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications. 1990 Print Costello, E. Jane, Keeler, Gordon P., and Angold, Adrian Poverty, Race/Ethnicity, and Psychiatric Disorder: A Study of Rural Children American Journal of

Kant’s Approach to Ethics and the Issue of Suicide Essay Example for Free

Kant’s Approach to Ethics and the Issue of Suicide Essay The Renowned German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential philosophers of the modern age, whose thought, with its emphasis on the subject, turned the wheels of western philosophy to a new synthesis of idealism and realism in the form of transcendentalism. His ethical theory, developed in his reputed book The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, has to be taken along with the spirit of philosophy that enshrines his three Critiques whenever one attempts a critique on ethical issues like suicide as a gesture of self-love. Body of the Essay (Can suicide be ethical? ) Kant holds the theory of intrinsic morality based on the autonomy of human will. Good is good by itself, and the right is right by itself. It doesn’t depend upon the consequences or effects of the action for a human action to be right or wrong. According to Kantian deontological theory of ethics, committing suicide is wrong and unacceptable from any perspective since it is an action that goes against the categorical imperative he proposed as the norm for ethical decisions. His Categorical Imperative runs thus: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. † (Wolf Robert Paul (ed) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: text and critical essays. 1969. p. 44). Each individual subject should decide for himself and act in such a way that he wills that his maxim should be a universal law. (Wolf, p. 21). Let us now take up the issue of suicide. Suicide may be a personally-decided act, on selfish reasons, emotions or recommendations from physical situations (as in the case of euthanasia). In whatever respects it may be, it goes against the Categorical Imperative, and hence, it is inherently or intrinsically wrong to commit it. Kant argues that committing suicide out of self-love is contrary to the categorical imperative because there is a contradiction in a system of nature, whose law would be to destroy life by the feeling whose special office is to impel the improvement of life. (Wolf, p. 45). Rather he thinks that the destruction of life is incompatible with its improvement and that nature always chooses organs adapted to their purpose (p. 13), so that nature couldnt (or wouldnt? ) allow self-love to be used in a way contrary to its purpose which is improvement and nurture of life. In accordance with Kant’s intrinsic morality, the categorical imperative also supports a Practical Imperative, that one has to act so that one treats humanity, whether in his own person or in that of another, always as an end in itself and never as a means only. (Wolf, p. 54). One has to respect and support one’s life because of the dignity implied within. By dignity, he means, unconditional and incomparable worth (Wolf, p. 61). Kant supports this theory with his theory of incommensurability, which holds that moral virtue is infinitely better than anything else. From the perspective of human dignity as well, suicide seems to be an unbecoming action for humans. Conclusion For Kant, reason holds the supreme position (as elaborated in Critique of Pure Reason), and ethics as science, is not rooted in religion or metaphysics, but rather on the inherent worth of existence. Hence, suicide is an unacceptable mode of action even from the perspective of self-love. Love nourishes and does rarely destroy. And even when a bit of destruction is involved, it is only to nurture better that it destroys. Suicide is total destruction without nurture and thus contradicts the very nature of self-love. References Gregory, Mary (ed)(1998) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant. New York: Cambridge University Press Henson, Richards (1979). What Kant Might Have Said: Moral Worth and the Over-determination of Dutiful Action†, in Phil. Review, January, 1979, pp. 39-54). Smith, Norman Kemp (trans. ) (1965) Critique of Pure Reason. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Wolf, Robert Paul (ed. ) (1969) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals: text and critical essays. trans. , by Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tablets In Pharmaceutical Industry Introduction Tablets are solid dosage forms usually containing active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients in powder, crystalline or granular form with or without diluents which is prepared either by moulding or compression process. They are solid, biconvex or flat in shape and vary in size, shape and weight which is depends on the medicaments which are used for preparation. They are also varying in hardness, disintegration; dissolution characteristics and thickness depend on their intended use and method of manufacture. Tablets are the most widely used solid dosage forms because of their advantages and popularity increasing day by day. Tablet usually contains filler, diluents, binders, lubricants, glidants, disintegrants, antiadherent, colouring agents and flavouring agents as excipients.[Ansels Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Eighth Edition, Loyd V. Allen, Jr, Nicholos G. Popovich, Howard C. Ansel, 2005, pp-228-245] Advantages of tablets Unit dosage forms with accurate, stable dose and great precision and least variability. Most stable with respect to physical, chemical and microbiological attributes. Cheapest oral dosage form, easy to handle, use and carry out with attractive and elegant appearance. Cheap, easy to swallow and production does not require and additional processing steps. Provide protection of medicaments from atmospheric conditions like air, moisture and light, etc. Provide prolonged stability to medicaments. Low manufacturing cost as compare to other solid dosage forms and large scale production is possible. Administration of minute dose of drug in accurate amount. Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar coating. Easy to divide into halves and quarters whenever fraction dose is required. Formulate as a special release products such as enteric or delayed release products. Packing and production is cheap and does not require more space for storage. Disadvantages of tablets Drugs which are amorphous and low density character are difficult to compress into tablet. Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed tablets. Drugs with low or poor water solubility, sloe dissolution, high absorbance in GI tract may be difficult to formulate. Sensitive to oxygen drugs may require special coating. Cost of production may be increase because of coating and encapsulation to remove bitter and unpleasant taste. Some tablet may cause problem in bioavailability. Difficult to formulate liquid in tablet and swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill patients. Types of tablets There are many types of tablets according to the intended of use and manufacturing process. [A] Oral tablet intended for ingestion Compressed tablets: Tablets can be made by compression of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredient with excipients by basic methods of tablet manufacturing. These types of tablets usually intended to provide raid drug release and disintegration. Tablets are coated after compression. Multiple compressed tablets: Multiple compressed tablets are prepared by compressing the material more than once. These are known as multiple layered tablets or tablet within tablet. Layered are depends on number of fills. Layered tablets are prepared by compaction of fill material in die followed by additional of fill material and compression. Delayed action or Enteric coated tablets: These types of tablets contain a coating which resist dissolution of tablets in Gastro Intestinal Track (GIT) and disintegrate in intestinal fluids thus rendering delayed release features. Enteric coating is generally apply when drug substance is unstable in gastric fluid and may destroyed or may cause irritation in gastric mucosa or to extent absorption of drug from intestine. Normally coating materials mixed with acid and acid functionality or modified natural polymers. Most commonly used coating polymers are: Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate. Sugar coated tablet: Compressed tablets may be coated with coloured or uncoloured sugar coating and the coater is water soluble and dissolve quickly after swallowing. Sugar coat protects drug from environment, remove bitter taste and odour, enhance the appearance of tablet and permit identifying information. Sugar coating has some disadvantages like increase coat of production, require expertise for coating, increase size and weight. Film coated tablets: Tablets are compressed with a thin layer of polymer which forms a skin like film over tablet. The film is usually coloured, more durable and less bulky. The coating is designed to rupture and expose of tablet at desired location within GIT. Most commonly used polymers are Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxy ethyl and propyl methyl cellulose. Chewable tablet: These types of tablets have smooth surface, creamy base and usually flavoured and coloured mannitol, rapid disintegration which allow dissolving quickly in mouth. These types mostly useful for administration of large dose to children and adults. [B]Tablet used for oral cavity Buccal tablets and sublingual tablets: Buccal and sublingual tablets are flat in shape and intended to dissolve drug in buccal cavity or beneath the tongue for mucosa absorption. These techniques useful for drugs which are destroyed by gastric fluid or poor absorption in GIT. Buccal tablets erode slowly and sublingual tablets dissolve quickly and produce rapid effect. Troches and Lozenges: They are intended to slowly dissolution mostly for local effect but sometimes for systemic absorption. Troches and Lozenges are disc shaped which contain active ingredient and flavouring agent in hard candy or sugar base. Dental cones: dental cones are designed to place in the empty socket for prevention of bacterial growth and sometime bleeding by containing coagulant. Dental cones release slowly for long duration. [C] Tablets for other routes Vaginal tablet: Vaginal tablets are prepared by compression and shaped to fit snugly on plastic inserter devices in uncoated bullet shaped or ovoid tablets which are inserted into vagina for local effects with slow dissolution. They contain anti bacterial effect and also called vaginal inserts. Implantation tablet: Implantation tablets are injected under the skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin. A special injector a hallow needle and plunger may require for administration. Purpose of these tablets is to prolong drug effect from month to year. These tablets are implanted intramuscularly or subcutaneous so they must be sterile and packed in sterile container. [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7,21] [D] Tablets for solution Effervescent tablet: Effervescent tablets prepared by compression of granular salts which release in contact with water. Dispensing tablets: These types of tablets are no longer use because they had dangerous potential. They might be termed compounding tablets because it contain highly potent drug and pharmacist use it for compound prescription. Hypodermic tablets: Hypodermic tablets are soft moulded tablets which contain soluble ingredient and used for extemporaneous parenteral preparation by physician. They are no longer in use because it is difficult to achieve sterility and availability of stable liquid. Tablet triturates: tablet triturates are rarely use now a days because they are obsolete. They are small, cylindrical, molded which contain small amount of potent drug. They must be readily soluble in water and minimum amount pressure require during manufacture. Triturates inserted into capsules or dissolved in liquid to provide accurate potent drug. Tablet Excipients: Excipients are substance other that active ingredient in formulation of tablet. The roles of excipients are to ensure tabletting operation satisfactory and ensure that tablets of specified quality are prepared. Depend on intended use; they are subcategorised in different groups. However excipients affect properties of tablets. Diluents or filler A small amount of powder requires forming suitable size tablet for easy handling. Normally tablet weigh 50mg so some amount of bulk drug requires to incorporation in formulation of tablet which enhance size of tablet. These powders known as diluents or fillers. The ideal dilute should have following properties- cheap, chemically inert, acceptable taste, good compactability and dilution capacity, biocompatible, good biopharmaceutical properties and non hygroscopic. A single substance cannot fulfil all these requirements so different substance have gained use as diluents mainly carbohydrates and inorganic salts sometimes. The most common diluent is lactose because it possess a sires of good properties like dissolves readily in water, has a pleasant taste, non hygroscopic is fairly non reactive and shows good compact ability. Its main limitation is that some people have intolerance to lactose. Basically lactose exists in two forms crystalline and amorphous. Other sugar and sugar alcohols such as glucose, sucrose, and mannitol have been used as alternative fillers, mostly in chewable tablets or lozenges because of their pleasant taste. Other important example of the filler is an inorganic substance, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate. It is insoluble in water and also non hygroscopic but have hydrophilic property i.e. easily wetted by water. It also has good flow ability and therefore it is used mostly in direct compaction. [Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007.] [ Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303.] Disintegrants: According to Michael, 2007, a disintegrant is added in formulation of tablet, which promotes drug dissolution and provide an effective surface area, when comes in contact to liquid and breaks down in small fragments. The process of disintegration for tablet occurs in main two steps [1] Tablet wets by sold and pores it [2] Breaks down of tablet into small fragments which include aggregation of primary particles into small drug particles. Disintegrant suggested in some mechanism such as swelling of particles, wetting reaction, repulsion of particle and particle recovery. Most common types of disintegrants in tablets are maize, potato and corn starch. the concentration of starch is up to 10% required but today normally modified starch or modified cellulose are used which are very high swelling disintegrants. So its requires typically 1-5% by weight which facilitate particle-particle repulsion. However, disintegrants can be mixed with other ingredients such as granules to increase effective disintegration of the tablet into smaller fragments. Leon Lachman et al, 1991, suggested that other group of disintegrants may function by producing gas, normally carbon dioxide, in contact with water. This types of disintegrants used in effervescent tablets and normally not in tablets that should be swallowed as a solid. The liberation of carbon dioxide is achieved by the decomposition of carbonate salts or bicarbonate in contact with acidic water. The acidic pH is obtained by adding citric acid and tartaric acid. [ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Binder Binder is added to the tablet or filler mixture to ensure that tablets and granules have sufficient mechanical strength. There are several ways to add it in powder- Mixed with powder before wet granulation which completely or partially dissolves during agglomeration process by agglomeration liquid. Mixed with other ingredient as a dry powder solution before compaction process As a solution used as agglomeration liquid during wet granulation. Typically 2-10% of binders or dry binders are used in formulation. Most tradition common binders are starch, sucrose and gelatine but now most common are polyvinylpyrrolidone and cellulose derivatives which have improved adhesive properties. Examples of dry binders are microcrystalline cellulose and crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone. Solution binders are most effective therefore it is incorporated in granules. Glidant The role of the Glidant is to improve the flow ability of the powder. Glidants are used in formulation for direct compaction but they are also used in granulation process before tabletting which ensure flow ability of tablet mass for high speed production. Traditionally talc has been used as glidant about 1-2% concentration in formulation but nowadays the most commonly used glidant is colloidal silica added in very low proportion about 0.2% by weight.[ Michael, Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines.- 3rd ed. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 2007. 3. Leon Lachman, Herbert A. Lieberman and Joseph L. Kanig. (1991). the theory and practise of industrial pharmacy. 3rd addition: Varghese publishing house. Page no. 293- 303] Lubricant The function of lubrication is to ensure low lubrication between solid and the die wall during tablet formation and ejection. High friction during tabletting can cause a series of problems such as inadequate tablet quality and may even stop production. Lubrication is most important which included in most of production. Lubrication can get by mainly two mechanism, fluid lubrication and boundary lubrication. In fluid lubrication, liquid is achieved between die surface and tablet surface which separates the moving surfaces of the solids from each other and reduces the friction. While in boundary lubrication, it is considered as a surface phenomenon, as here moving surface is separated by a very thin layer of lubricants. Such boundary lubricants are Stearic acid salts, primarily Magnesium Stearate which is most widely use due to its superior lubrication properties. Besides reducing friction, lubricants may also causes undesirable changes such as reducing tablet strength with bonding between the particles during compaction. Because of hydrophobic properties of lubricants, tablet disintegration and dissolution are often retarded by the addition of lubricants. Thus, minimum amount of lubricants are used, i.e. concentrations of 1% or below, often 0.25-0.5%.in order to avoid these negative effects, more hyd rophilic substances have been suggested as alternatives to the hydrophobic lubricants. For example, surface active agents and polyethylene glycols and sometimes a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances might also be used. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Antiadherent Antiadherent are substance which reduce adhesion between powder and punch faces which prevent sticking of particles to punches. The sticking is mainly affected by moisture content of the powder. Such adherence especially prone to happen if the tablet punches have marking or symbols which lead to a build of thin layer of powder on the punches which in turn will lead to an uneven and matt tablet surface with unclear markings or symbols. Some lubricants such as Magnesium Stearate have also antiadherent properties. However, other substances with limited ability to reduce friction can also act as antiadherent such as talc and starch. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Sorbents Sorbents are substances which has capacity to sorbing some quantities of fluid into dry state. So oil and oil-drug solutions can be incorporated into mixture of powder and compacted into tablets. Most commonly used sorbents are Microcrystalline Cellulose and Silica. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Science of Dosage Form Design, Second Edition, 2002, pp.408-412] Flavouring agents Flavouring agents are incorporated into a formulation to remove unpleasant taste of bitter drug or to make tablet more pleasant or mask. This can be achieved by coating or by adding some drug particles. Most of Flavouring agents are thermolabile so it cannot be added in process which involve heating. They are mixed with granules as alcoholic solution. Colouring agents The aim to add colourant is to aid identification of tablet, improve looks of tablet and patient compliance. Mostly, colourant are added during coating of tablet but some of colourant may be added in formulation prior to compaction. Colourant may be added as an insoluble powder or dissolved in granulation liquid and the latter procedure may produce colour variation by migration of soluble dye during drying stage. Method of tablet preparation Three types method of tablet preparation- [1] Direct compression method [2] Wet granulation [3] Dry granulation Direct compression method Some chemicals have free flowing and cohesive properties so they are enable to compress directly in a tablet machine without granulation of it. Some chemicals lacking of these qualities so some excipients like filler, disintegrants agents, lubricants and glidants are used to impart these qualities for production of tablets by direct compression. Figure (A) Steps of direct compression tableting Some precaution must be taken during direct compression to avoid air entrapment which cause capping, splitting, or laminating of tablets. Forced feeders or induced feeders are used to reduce air entrapment, make filling powder more dense and amenable to compaction. Capping also may be caused by punches that are not perfectly clean and flawlessly smooth or by too much fines granulation. Some aged or improperly stored tablets also may exhibit splitting and other physical deformations. Wet granulation Granulation is process in which primary powder particles are made to form large and these types of multi particle called granules. In pharmaceutical industry, granules are useful in production of tablets and capsules in ranges of particle size between0.2 to 0.5mm. Granulation prevents segregation of constituents of powder, improve flow ability of powder, improve compaction characteristics of mixture and reduce toxic dust. Wet granulation is widely used method for production of compressed tablets which include flowing steps- Weighting and blending In this step, specified quantities of active ingredient, diluents or fillers, and disintegrating agents are mixed by mechanical powder blender or mixture until uniform. Most widely used fillers are lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, powdered sucrose, and calcium phosphate. Selections of filler depend on the experience of manufacture, cost and compatibility with formulation. Among the fillers, lactose is most preferred because of its solubility and compatibility, and microcrystalline cellulose, because of its easy compaction compatibility and consistent uniformity of supply. Disintegrating agents include croscarmellose, corn and potato starches, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVP), cation exchange resins, alginic acid and other materials which swell or expand on exposure to moisture and helps to breakup tablets in gastrointestinal track (GIT). Mainly croscarmellose and sodium starch glycolate are used because of their high water uptake and rapid action. Mostly up to 5-10% of starch is suitable for formulation, but up to about 20% may be used to facilitate more rapid tablet disintegration. The total amount of disintegrant is not always used but sometime it added in preparation of granulation and sometime half of it added to tablet formation which called double disintegration of tablet. One portion of disintegrant assist breakup of tablet into pieces and other portion breakup pieces into particles. Preparation of Damp Mass A liquid binder is now added to the powder to facilitate adhesion of powder particles. A damp mass resembling dough is formed and used to prepare the granulation. A good binder is very important for hardness of tablet and does not hinder the release of drug from the tablet. Most widely used binders are povidone, an aqueous preparation of corn starch (10-20%), methyl cellulose (3%), carboxymethylcellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose. Some drugs may be adversely affected by an aqueous binder then non-aqueous solutions or dry binder may be used. The amount of binders is a part of operation which maintains integrity of tablet after compression. However, care must be exercised not to over or underwet powder otherwise underwet can result too hard granules for proper tablet formulation and overwet can result too soft and tend to crumble in under wetting. After getting desired dump mass a colorant or flavorant may be added to prepare a granulation with an added features. Screening Damp Mass into Pellets and Granules The Dump Mass is pressed through 6 or 8 mesh size to prepare granules. This process may be done by hand or by special equipment which prepares granules by extrusion process. The final product are spread on large piece of paper in trays and dried. Drying the granulation Granules may be dried in special drying cabinets which is thermostatically controlled at constantly record the time, temperature and humidity. Fluid bed drier and tray drier are commonly used for during process. Sizing the granulation by Dry Screening After drying, the granules are passed through a screen of a smaller mess than that used to prepare the original granulation. The size of granules depends upon the size of the punches to be used. Usually 12 to 20 mesh sizes are used for granulation. Sizing of the granules is necessary so that the die cavities for tablet compression may be completely or rapidly filled by the free flowing granules. Voids or air spaces left by too large a granulation result in production of uneven tablets. Adding Lubrication and Blending After dry screening, a dry lubricant is spread over the granulation through a fine mess screen which contributes to preparation of compressed tablets. Among the most commonly used lubricants are talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, and sodium stearyl fumarate in ranges of 0.1% to 5%. Lubricants improve flow property of granules form hooper ti die, prevent adhesion during compaction, reduce friction between die and punch and provide a sheen final product. Figure (B) Tablet compression by wet granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Some special wet granulation techniques High shear mixture granulation Fluid bed granulation Extrusion- spheronisation Spray drying Dry granulation In this method, powder mixer is compressed in large pieces and subsequently broken down or sized into granules. In this method, either active ingredient or diluent must have cohesive properties. This method is basically applied to materials which cannot be prepared by wet granulation because of moisture degradation properties or thermo-mobile properties of granules. It is carried out by two steps: Slugging: After weighing and the mixing of ingredients, the powder mixture is slugged or compressed into large flat tablets about one inch in diameter. Slugs are than broken up hand or mill and passed through a screen of desired mess for sizing and sometimes lubricant are added and prepared by compression. Roller compaction: Instead of slugging, powder compactors may be used to increase the density of a powder by pressing it between rollers at 1 ton to 6 tons of pressure. The compact material is broken up, sized, and lubricated, and tablets are prepared by compression. Commonly used binding agents are methyl cellulose or hydroxylmethyl cellulose (6-12%) which produces good hardness and friability of tablet. Figure (C) Tablet compression by Dry Granulation [Pharmaceutics I, P.V. KASTURE, S.R. PARAKH, S.A. HASAN, S.B. GOKHALE, June 2008, pp-14-7, 21] Tableting of granulation: There are different types of tabletting machines which are used in the productivity but similar in basic function and operation. They all compress tablet formulation within steel die cavity by the pressure exerted by the movement of two steel punches, lower punch and an upper punch. Problems in manufacture of tablet Capping and lamination: Capping means partial and complete separation of the top or bottom crowns of a tablet from main body of a tablet. While lamination is term used to describe the separation of the two or more distinct layers. Some reasons which are responsible for these problems are as follows: Air is entrapped among the particles during the compression process and does not escape until compression pressure is released. Die wall pressure causes enough internal stress to cause a crack which is due to plastic deformation of the particles during compaction. Sometimes due to deep concave or bevelled edge punches. Development of wear ring. This problem can reduced or eliminated by slowing tabletting rate, granules with sufficient moisture, pre-compression, using flat punches, correct adjustment punches. [Porter, S C, 1981, Tablet coating, Drug Cosmetic Indu, May 46, June 44, Aug 40, Sept 50] Weight variation: This is very important in process control measurement. If anything that can alter the die filling process can alter tablet weight, it causes weight variation because the weight of the tablet being compressed is determined by the amount of the granulation in the die prior to compression. Some causes of variation are large granules, poor mixing of granules with lubricants and glidants, poor granulation flow from hopper, double impression and punch variation. Picking Picking is the term used to describe the surface material from tablet that is sticking to being removed from the tablets surface by a punch. It concerns when punching tips have engraving or embossing Sticking Sticking is usually referred to adhesion of tablet material to die wall. Because of that, lower punch cannot move freely and additional force is required to overcome friction between die wall and the tablet. These problems can be solved by design large lettering, adding polishing agent such as colloidal silica or additional lubricants. Some low melting point substances such as polyethylene glycol may also cause sticking at the heat of compression. Such Remedies are addition of high melting point materials and consequently increasing size of tablet. Mottling: Mottling is term used unequal distribution of colour on a tablet with light and dark areas. Its due to colour difference of drug with excipients or drugs whose degradation product is coloured. Such problems might be solved by using colorants but it can cause mottling on the top of surface when granulation undergoes drying. To overcome difficulties, it require to change solvent system, binder system and by reducing temperature. Tablet coating Tablet coating is application of coating of material to the exterior of tablet with some intentional benefits. It is also intended for modified release applications. Main three types of coating are- Film coating Sugar coating Press coating Coating of tablets are for following purposes- [1] Protection from environment, light and moisture [2] To remove bitter taste of some tablets and for easy swallowing of tablets [3] Colour coating mask differences in appearance which effect on patient compliance [4] Rapid identification by manufacturer, pharmacist and patient [5] Functional films can enable sustained and enteric protection [6] Improve looks (elegance), masks and minor difference in raw material appereance [7] Enhance strength, reduce dust and cross contamination Film coating This is more modern and widely used for tablet coating. Most of newly launched coated products are film coated rather than sugar coating. Film coating involves covering of tablet by thin film layer of coating liquid (polymer). Coating liquid is sprayed in a rotating tablet bed or bed fluidised tablet which contains plasticizer, polymer, colourant and solvent. The drying condition permits removal of solvent and leaves a thin layer around each tablet. Sometimes aqueous solution or organic solutions are used to reduce elimination of volatile organic compound, health and safety and cost reduction purposes. Film coating polymer should have following properties- [1] Optimum solubility to facilitate dissolution of final product. High soluble for immediate release and low soluble for controlled release. [2] Optimum viscosity to permit and trouble free spraying of solution. [3] Optimum permeability to optimize shelf life of tablet preparation and some tuned to provide an effective barrier oxygen and water vapour. [4] Good mechanical strength to withstand the impact and abrasion encountered in normal handling which avoids cracks and imperfections. Cellulose derivatives like Hydroxypropylmethylcellulosa (HPMC), methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and Methacrylate amino ester copolymer are available polymer for film coating. Sugar coating Sugar coating involves the successive application of sucrose based solutions to tablet cores in suitable equipment. Some stages in production of sugar coated tablets are- [1] Sealing of tablet core- provide water proofing core from coating process and shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate are normally used in sealing process. [2] Sub coating- it is the actual start of sugar coating which provides necessary build-up to roundup the tablet edge. Bulking agents such as calcium carbonate or talc added in sucrose solution with gum. [3] Smoothing it increases tablet size to predetermined dimension by syrup solution. This solution contains pigments, starch, gelatine, acacia or opacifier. [4] Colouring- dyes or pigments [5] Polishing- tablets need to be polished to achieve final elegance by waxes like beeswax, carnubawax or hard paraffin. [6] Printing Difference between sugar and film coating Press coating Press coating involves compaction of granules material around core of tablet with the use of compressing equipment like Manesty Drycota. Today press coating is used in to separate incompatible placed core and coating layer. This process requires some care and large or irregularly sized agglomerate of granules may cause core to tilt in die. Disadvantages of process arise from complexities of mechanism used in compression equipment. [M. E Aulton, Pharmaceutics, The Sc

Policies for the Prevention of Fraud and Mismanagement

Policies for the Prevention of Fraud and Mismanagement PURPOSE The Prevention of Fraud and Mismanagement Policy outlines measures taken by the Institute to prevent fraud and mismanagement. SCOPE This policy applies to all members of staff. STATEMENT Rosary Tertiary Institute is committed to dealing with fraud prevention. The Professional Conduct of Staff is the principle guide for dealing with fraud prevention. It states that staff members are required to inform themselves about fraud controls, to inform the institute if they suspect acts of fraud and that if a staff member commits an act of fraud it will be investigated. This Policy is supported by the Theft, Fraud and Corrupt Conduct Procedure, which summarises the procedures to be used once an allegation of fraud is made to a senior staff member. PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF STAFF Staff Responsibilities Rosary Tertiary Institute seeks to create a safe and rewarding learning and working environment based on the principles of the Catholic faith, justice, equity, harmony, tolerance and pursuit of excellence while protecting the resources of the Institute and respect for individuals, the law and the governance of the Institute. In circumstances where staff conduct does not meet the standards set out in this policy and related procedures, senior members of staff may speak with the individual concerned in an attempt to remedy the situation. In cases where the misconduct exceeds the scope of authority, the matter may be referred to the proper civil authority. Personal and Professional Behaviour Staff must uphold the values of the Institute outlined in the Prospectus. Staff must maintain a high standard of conduct and level of performance while demonstrating courtesy, equity and fairness in dealing with staff, students, contractors, visitors and members of the public. The rights, duties and aspirations of others will be respected at all times. Staff must perform their duties in a professional manner with skill, care and diligence and with a proper utilisation of their authority. Staff must treat others fairly and with respect and must not engage in any harassing, bullying or discriminatory behaviour. Staff in administrative positions will maintain, as far as possible, a safe and orderly working environment. Staff must endeavour to ensure that their actions or decisions do not harm the health, safety and well-being of themselves or others, nor affect their work performance or that of others and must comply with the STAC Occupational Health and Safety Standards. Staff in management positions must ensure that all staff have the necessary qualifications to fulfil the responsibilities of the positions they occupy. Staff must ensure that relationships with students are professional, respectful and trusting. Staff must acknowledge that they have a responsibility to protect the interests of students and to acknowledge and resolve any conflicts of interest that may arise; to respect staff-student relationships and to accept the obligations involved in their responsibilities. Institute Finances Staff will maintain the highest standards of integrity in financial matters and, particularly, will comply with the requirements relevant to financial management legislation and the Institutes financial procedures which have been taken from the rule and constitution of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. Protection of Institute Resources Staff must utilise and maintain Institute equipment and resources in an economical and efficient manner and exclusively for Institute purposes; Staff must secure Institute equipment and resources against misuse or theft; Staff must follow all procedures governing the use of the Institutes electronic communications systems, and avoid excessive personal use of the Institutes electronic communications systems which incurs additional cost to the Institute. Staff must ensure the protection of the privacy of others and the maintenance of appropriate confidentiality with regard to personal matters and information acquired in the course of their employment and will use information only for purposes related to work Staff must maintain the confidentiality of official and personal information for which they are responsible and take all precautions to prevent all unauthorised access to or misuse of the Institutes records and information Staff must comply with all relevant copyright and records management policies and procedures. Respect for the Law and Tertiary Institute governance Staff must comply with all laws, regulations, codes, policies and procedures. Staff may report to management any behaviour that is in violation of any law, rule or regulation or that represents improper conduct, mismanagement of resources, or is a danger to public health and safety. The Institute does not tolerate improper conduct by Institute Staff or Board members, nor the acceptance of reprisals against those who offer to disclose such conduct. The Institute recognises the value of clarity and accountability in its administrative and management activities and supports the making of disclosures that reveal corrupt and improper conduct. The Institute will take the necessary and practical steps to protect individuals who make disclosures as described above in article 5.4 from any detrimental action in response for making the disclosure. The Institute will protect the confidentiality of the disclosure and the identity of the person who made the disclosure and allow procedural fairness to all parties concerned, including the one who is subject to the disclosure. Staff will not harass or take rash action in response to actual or suspected disclosures or participation in an investigation into such a disclosure. 6. Conflict of Interest 6.1 Staff will act with best interests of the Institute in mind when carrying out the duties of their position and must not allow their private interests or the interests of others inhibit them in this obligation. 7. Gifts 7.1 All gifts to staff will be managed according to the Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 8. Academic Integrity 8.1 Staff will maintain a high ethical and academic standard according to the Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 9. Misconduct 9.1 The Institute will carry out any necessary disciplinary action for misconduct and unsatisfactory performance according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 9.2 Disciplinary action will be at the discretion of the local Prioress and/ or Mother Prioress General, as per the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 9.3 Requests for review of a disciplinary action will be managed according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 10. Theft, fraud and corrupt conduct 10.1 The Institute does not tolerate fraud or corrupt activity. 10.2 All staff are required to familiarise themselves with the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui and fulfil their duties in accordance with them. 10.3 All Staff are expected to report any suspected fraudulent or corrupt activity to the Director. B.   Theft, Fraud and Corrupt Conduct Procedure 1. Approach to theft, fraud and corrupt conduct 1.1 The Institute is committed to preventing occurrence of theft, fraud and corrupt conduct. This will be achieved through: Risk management strategies Prevention strategies Detection strategies Response strategies 2. Risk Management 2.1 Risk management will be carried out in accordance with RTIs Risk Management Policy. 3. Preventative controls 3.1 To prevent theft, fraud and corrupt conduct, the Institute will have internal controls to avoid this. These will include: financial delegations, lines of authority and accountabilities, segregation of duties, approval processes, etc. 3.3 The Director will inform staff of how to prevent and report suspected fraud and corrupt conduct. 3.4 Supervisors will ensure that the following staff are familiar with and comply with the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sister of Wanganui: Staff delegated to make financial decisions Staff delegated to make staff appointment decisions Staff delegated to manage contracts 3.5 Staff delegated to engage external contractors or suppliers will ensure that the contractors or suppliers are financially sustainable individuals or businesses before engaging their services. 3.6 The Risk Management Team will provide staff with a risk management tool to enable staff responsible for engaging contractors and suppliers to identify the level of risk and the level of critical examination required for each procurement activity. 4. Fraud detection controls 4.1 The Director will analyse the accuracy of all transactions. 4.2 The Director will ensure that those staff with delegated financial duties will analyse transactions for approval of the following: Validity Accuracy Invoice coding Invoices addressed to Rosary Tertiary Institute Goods and services tax (GST) calculations 4.3 The Director will give a monthly account of her receipts and expenditure to the local Prioress and conduct an annual internal financial audit, as per the Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 5. Reporting of theft, fraud and corrupt conduct 5.1 A staff member who suspects that an act of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct may be about to occur, is occurring or has occurred must report such suspicions to their head of department, the Director, the local Prioress or the Mother Prioress General. 5.2 On receiving a report of suspected theft, fraud or corrupt conduct, the head of department or Director will: Record the time, date and details of the report made Refer the report (including anonymous reports where there is adequate supporting information) to the local Prioress or Prioress General immediately and before any investigation of such allegations is undertaken. 5.3 Where a report of suspected theft, fraud or corrupt conduct made involves a senior officer of the Institute, the Director will refer the report to the local Prioress or, in case of her unavailability, the Prioress General. 5.4 The Institutes public information will inform individuals who are not staff or students of the Institute how to file a complaint regarding improper conduct, detrimental action or other corrupt conduct or misconduct by the Institute, its staff and its officers. 5.5 Where the local Prioress or Prioress General determine that an allegation as a deliberate false allegation of fraud, theft, or corrupt conduct, the staff member who made the allegation will be dealt with according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 6. Investigation 6.1 The Director will assess whether a report of suspected fraud, theft or corrupt conduct warrants further investigation. 6.2 Where a preliminary investigation of allegations of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct by a staff member is required, the Director will appoint investigation officers and provide them with reference terms. The investigation officers will conduct all investigations according to the Rule and Constitutions of the Dominican Sisters of Wanganui. 6.3 Where an external contractor to the Institute is involved in suspected theft, fraud or corrupt conduct, the Director will notify all departments who have engaged the external contractor and all other relevant areas of the Institute. At the conclusion of the preliminary investigation, the Director may: Take no further action Refer the matter to Legal Services Conduct a full investigation On the advice of the Mother Prioress General, report the theft, fraud or corrupt conduct to the police for further action where evidence of theft or fraud is found to be of a serious nature and a prima facie case has been established. 7. Insurance cover 7.1 The Director is responsible for ensuring that the Institutes management liability insurance coverage is current and will cover the Institute for the risk of loss incurred from theft, fraud or corrupt activity and externally instigated fraud. 8. Statutory reporting requirements 8.1 Where alleged theft, fraud or corrupt conduct have been found to involve the embezzlement of money, stores or property, the Director will report the matter to the Victorian Minister of Tertiary Education and Auditor-General of Victoria as required under the Financial Management Act 1994 (Vic). 9. Review of procedures and controls 9.1 The Director will review internal controls relating to theft, fraud and corrupt conduct. 9.2 The Director will follow up with management responsible for the area affected by theft, fraud or corrupt conduct to ensure that recommendations have been carried out within appropriate timeline. 9.3 In all instances where there is a report of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct, the Director will review the procedures and controls in operation within the department and advise the Director of this review, including any action taken to address any inadequacies discovered. 10. Records 10.1 The Administrator will retain the records of all theft, fraud and corrupt conduct investigations. 11. Confidentiality 11.1 A staff member who is involved in or becomes aware of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct investigation will retain the details and investigation results confidential, subject to the needs of the Institute, the Director and the police during their investigation. 11.2 Staff will not discuss or report any suspected or proven occurrence of theft, fraud or corrupt conduct to the media. PRIVACY POLICY Policy Number Version Number Policy Developer #34 #1 Administrator Approving Body Date of Approval Last Amendment Date RTI Board of Governors 4th March, 2017 4th March, 2017 Last Review Date Next Review Date Status 4th March, 2017 4th March, 2020 Filed This policy has been benchmarked with the Privacy Policy of Eastern College Australia

Insights on Death in I’ve Seen a Dying Eye Essay -- Seen Dying Eye Ess

"I’ve Seen a Dying Eye," by Emily Dickinson, is a poem about the nature of death. A sense of uncertainty and uncontrollability about death seems to exist. The observer’s speech seems hesitant and unsure of what he or she is seeing, partly because of the dashes, but also because of the words used to describe the scene. As the eye is observed looking for something, then becoming cloudy and progressing through more obscurity until it finally comes to rest, the person observing the death cannot provide any definite proof that what the dying person saw was hopeful or disturbing. The dying person seems to have no control over the clouds covering his or her eye, which is frantically searching for something that it can only hope to find before the clouds totally consume it. Death, as an uncontrollable force, seems to sweep over the dying. More importantly, as the poem is from the point of view of the observer, whether the dying person saw anything or not is not as significant a s what the observer, and the reader, carry away from the poem. The suspicion of whether the dying person saw anything or had any control over his or her death is what is being played on in the poem. If the dying person has no control, what kind of power does that give death? Did the eye find what it was looking for before the clouds billowed across their vision, and was it hopeful? These questions represent the main idea the poem is trying to convey. Death forces itself upon the dying leaving them no control, and if something hopeful exists to be seen after death, it is a question left for the living to ponder. The idea that something exists after death is uncertain in this poem, saying this, it is important that the point of view is that of the observer. The ... ... is now blessed because he or she finally knows the answer to the life-long question. It seems that Dickinson purposefully leaves the poem open-ended to keep that uncertainty alive in her poem. The only time the uncertainty of death is made certain is during that moment when our eyes begin their search through the engulfing clouds. Emily never gives an absolute definition of what she is addressing in this poem and in every other poem she wrote. Michael Myers, author of Thinking and Writing About Literature, best captures this idea of open-ended conclusions says: It's also worth keeping in mind that Dickinson was not always consistent in her views and they can change from poems, to poem, depending upon how she felt at a given moment. Dickinson was less interested in absolute answers to questions than she was in examining and exploring their "circumference."

Advantages of Telecommuting Essay -- Employment Work Papers

Advantages of Telecommuting Today much focus is being placed on the ability of organizations (private, and public) to increase their productivity, and quality of service. As a result it is necessary to improve the well being of employees, decrease unnecessary costs, and enhance the competitiveness of the organization. Given this, it is no accident that telecommuting, is one of the largest growing areas, in flexible alternative work schedules. The influence of globalization over all aspects, of many economies, also increases the effectiveness of telecommuting. Now, more than ever, many employees are taking advantage of completing their work in an alternative work environment. Advantages can be tangible, such as reduction in office space, or intangible, such as improved family life. Employee advantages include freedom, decreased clothing expenses, and increased moral. Employers also benefit from telecommuting. Reduced absenteeism, and reduced financial cost, are only two reasons why an employer should consider im plementing a telecommuting program. There are also environmental advantages to acknowledge, with regards to telecommuting, such as the reduction of traffic, and thereby the reduction of pollution. Spinning off, from the success of telecommuting, are companies, who offer help, with incorporating telecommuting, such as HOMEWORKS, and JALA International, Inc. Some companies list jobs for people interested in telecommuting positions. Still, there are also professional organizations established to enhance the performance of telecommuters, like the International Telework Association & Council (ITAC) . My personal experience with telecommuting has been so positive that I felt it was necessary to research it's advantages, an... ...rnational Inc., www.jala.com/ustcforecast.htm "Press Releases", JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/whatsnew.htm "JALA and Telework", JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/history.htm "HomeWorks for Telecommuting", www.coronado.ca.us/TMA/homeworks.html "Report on the Home Office Computing Survey of Telecommuting Practices", Amy Bellinger, Helen LeVan, Article, Home Office Computing Magazine, www.bluemarble.net/~amyloo/tele.html#profile "AT&T Releases Results of Telecommuting Day Survey", Released 9/20/94, www.att.com/press/0994/940920.chc.html ""Marketing Firms Wrestle with Telecommuting", 11/10/98, American Marketing Association 1998, http://www.shrm.org/hrnews/. " US Telecommuting Trend Surpasses 11 Million: Strong Economy, Internet Spur Growth", Article, International Telework Association & Council (ITAC) WebSite, www.telecommute.org

ObamaCare is Driving a Wedge Between the Socio-Economic Classes Essay

The Affordable Care Act is amplifying the difference between socio-economic classes because the ACA encourages employers to cut employee hours. The mainstream of college students hold jobs while studying so that they can pay rent and phone bills, and occasionally go to the movies or out to dinner. We get the money for these bills and happenings through bi-weekly paychecks. We work hard, usually for forty to fifty hours a week, and are compensated near minimum wage. Although miniscule, it is still enough to cover the daily expenses in our lives and to have a bit left over for extraneous items, however if hours are lost then this will not be the case for us students. Big businesses for example, are often the ones who disburse paychecks to people attending college. They offer entry-level jobs that are easy to come by, are constantly expanding, and have a high turnover rate. Large corporations, such as Regal Entertainment Group, Five Guys Burgers, and Petco, are cutting employee’s hours down to less than thirty a week. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) supports employers to provide health insurance to employees working full-time (thirty-plus hours weekly). By cutting the  hours, people are no longer are entitled to health insurance provided by the employer. The lower class of the U.S. economy consists of a demographic of people whose hours are being cut. A continuing decline of hours will only result in more financial burdens on the employees. Losing eleven hours could mean an individual who manages paying for groceries as well as car insurance with the same paycheck may have to start choosing between the two when receiving future checks. In addition to cutting hours, many employers are limiting hiring to avoid spending more money on health coverage. Robert Samuelson supports the idea that the ACA’s costs and complexities are going to deter some companies from hiring, and that it would be divisive to the socio-economic classes. In â€Å"Both Sides May Lose the battle over Obamacare† from October 25’s Register-Guard, Samuelson states that as a result of employers not being able to afford health care for all employ ees, hours must be cut. A business only has reduce hours to under thirty a week in order to avoid paying health care. Once this cut is made, a previously full-time employee is taking home 100-200 dollars less each paycheck. This unfortunate trend will continue and even increase: 15% of larger employers and 20% of small businesses plan to reduce employees’ hours or benefits according to a recent survey by the International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans. Small businesses play an important role in the U.S. economy and are a strong driver of job growth and innovation. But small business are severely disadvantaged by the current U.S. health care system relative their larger counterparts. A new report by the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) examines the challenges faced by smaller firms under the current health care system, and the likely impacts of health care reform on small business and the workers they employ. This implicit tax disadvantages small firms in both the market for the best workers and the market for their products. For example, both Trader Joe’s and Home Depot have stopped providing health care to part-time employees, and Forever 21 plans to cut hours and reclassify some employees as part-time. In fact, businesses all over the country, compelled by the financial strain introduced by the ACA, are making similar decisions. Once the ACA goes into effect, even more businesses will be forced by the financial reality o f the Act to reduce employee hours. As the wage earning potential of part-time employees falls, we can expect more extreme changes to the economy. Among these changes, businesses are now expecting employees to find and fund their own health care. This is nearly impossible when many workers are already living below the poverty line. Irrespective of how small the premiums will be, it will still over-burden many employees. There will be times ahead when many Americans are going to have to choose between paying for their health insurance and paying a monthly bill; disturbing when you consider the children and people with disabilities. Even after these employment cuts, the White House claims that the number of part-time employees that are looking for full-time work remained the same during the month of September at 7.9 million employees. Jason Furman, chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advises said, â€Å"We are not seeing any effect in the data.† With this data being manipulated, it would appear that all of the employees that have been reassigned as part-time workers are okay with it. This is not the case; busin esses have until 2015 to cut hours and avoid paying for employee healthcare. The number of part-time workers looking for full-time work will steadily increase over the next twenty-four months; the statistics need to be revisited when people are more aware of cuts that businesses are enforcing. People who fall below the poverty line will pay less for health care compared to those who are in the middle class. Based on individual/family income, people may be eligible for tax credit subsidies through state-ran exchanges. Based on household income, people are placed in different subsidy brackets. Even with the tax credits, people have no choice but to take home less money and to pay out of pocket for health insurance that they previously did not want. Many businesses have claimed they are not cutting hours, but instead are holding off on hiring because of costs caused by the ACA mandates. Employers who postpone hiring are still damaging to the economy. In fact, postponing hiring can do just as much damage, if not more to the economy than cutting hours. People would much rather have fewer hours at a job, than no job at all. In turn, this also increases the unemployment rate, thus driving the wedge between social classes even deeper. Any employer that cuts hours to avoid paying h ealth insurance will create a bigger difference between the socio-economic classes. By taking away hours that an employee is able to work at a business, the employee has no choice but to take home less money in their paychecks. Earning less money reflects  directly on their socio-economic class, setting them farther apart from the wealthier individuals on the scale. Without resolution, cuts in full-time employment will increase the gap between socio-economic classes. It is making the poor even poorer, and separating the less wealthy from the rich even more then they already are. The economy is going to fall into a slump, people will not be able to pay car payments, nor provide adequate food for their families. What is going to happen to our country, the country that is based on the forty-hour workweek, if corporate business does not cease their greedy actions? Our only option is to wait and see what happens. Works Cited Conover, Chris. â€Å"Who Can Deny It? Obamacare Is Accelerating U.S. Towards A Part-Time Nation.† Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 31 July 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. â€Å"economic effects of health care on small business.† executive office of the president council of economic adviers (2009): 18. â€Å"health reform .† summary of the affordable care act (2013): 13. McVeigh, Karen. â€Å"US Employers Slashing Worker Hours to Avoid Obamacare Insurance Mandate.† The Guardian. The Guardian, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. Myers, Lisa, and Hannah Rappleye. â€Å"Obama Admin. Knew Millions Could Not Keep Their Health Insurance.† NBC News. NBC, 28 Oct 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2013. Nicks, Denver. â€Å"Trader Joe’s Explains Why It’s Cutting Health Benefits For Part Timers.† Swampland.Time.com. Time Magazine, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.

English-language films Essay

There is quote by Martin Luther King Jr that says â€Å" Human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable, every step toward that goal of justice requires sacrifice,suffering and struggle , the timeless exertions and passionate concern of dedicated individuals. So, the path to justice will always be a challenge as it is inevitable, injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Along the line of justice , we may face challenges and must learn to face it head on in order to overcome this obstacle. Through the 3 texts studied, it can be concluded that along the line of justice there will always be challenges faced and one may succeed or fail based on their individual will to do so. For instance , Amir the protagonist from the Kite Runner shows this clearly when he faced many challenges that lied in front of him in order to bring justice and redemption for what he had done in the past . Amir had to encounter the problem of going back into Afghanistan, which at that particular period of time was a war-torn country and is potentially life threatening to anyone who can be said to be courageous or mentally deranged to do so. But , after learning from Rahim Khan that Amir and Hassan were actually half brothers ,Amir with devastation from the news pulled through with courage and marched into the country with the sole purpose of saving Sohrab from the evil grasps of Assef, whom at that time was the Taliban leader. Amir confronted Assef and in return Assef challenged him to a duel to the death. Amir had no choice to face his demons of the past by going against him head on in hopes that he can bring redemption and justice to Hassan. Amir was beaten to a pulp by Assef mercilessly and was at the brink of death. With the aid of Sohrab with his slingshot, both of them managed to escape. One challenge after another , Amir had to face the problem at the American Embassy when he could not get Sohrab a visa to bring him into America. When Sohrab heard about the news he could not bare with the news and decided to commit suicide. At all odds , Amir persevered through the hardships and managed to save Sohrab and brought justice for Hassan and Sohrab. Thus , it can be seen that challenges will always be faced as Amir went along the path to justice . Moreover , Molly from the Rabbit Proof Fence also shows that challenges will be faced in order to achieve justice. Molly was a young half caste girl had to face the challenge of escaping the camp that she was forced out , reason being that she wanted to go home back to her family and could not stand the injustice that was occurring there .It was evident that Molly was a strong willed leader who would not take failure as an answer. Molly who courageously escaped from the camp had the challenge of not only avoiding being captured and brought back to the camp where they beat up those who tried to escape but also had the responsibility taking her little siblings under her wing to ensure they were safe.Also, Molly had another challenge when she and her siblings realized they were following the wrong fence. Any normal person would at least show a hint of despair or depression, yet Molly kept a stern face of determination and continued to lead her siblings with a confident personality. On the way home, Molly also faced the problem of starvation where she could have faced the possibilities of death but still made the quick rational decision to move on and persevere. Luckily for her and her young charges , she met a traveler along the journey and was given some food .Hence, it can be seen that in the path to justice many challenges will be faced as Molly had to face challenges in order to obtain her justice which was her freedom . Lastly another good example of the path of justice will have many challenges is shown by the character Momm. Momm who had been pimped for five years and seemed near to cracking from the strain had been given justice by Nick and she was brought back to her hometown all the way across Cambodia. Momm faced the challenge of confronting her family, she feared that aft er not having kept in contact with her family for so many years her family would not accept her and felt that she herself had brought dishonor to her family. But , her family welcomed her home with open arms and was very supportive of her opening a business back in her hometown. This shows that the family is willing and able to support her and empower her.Even so, Momm had another challenge which was being addicted to drugs , specifically methamphetamines. Because of this she had to fight her inner demons back and forth, failing to do so. The addiction overtakes her and she failed to break off from this challenge thus leading her to go back to the very place that was filled with injustice. This showed that all the help resulted in failure and Momm was not able to take the bull by the horn and face the adversaries. In conclusion , it is crystal clear that in the path of justice there will be many challenges , as for Momm she had been given the chance of freedom and justice but addict ion took over her mind and body.

Prison Management Styles Essay

Organizations and businesses alike all have managers and management styles that they abide by. Some may be company policy; while others seem to be implemented by the manager’s themselves. In this paper, three different management styles are explained; Scientific, human relations, and systems management styles. All have been used in different organizations, and some are still used today. In order for a business to effectively succeed in their goals, a certain management style needs to be used. Management Styles The key to making any kind of business work depends on management and how management or managers manage the companies they work for. There are several different management styles that people have, however, this paper will focus mostly on three different styles; Scientific, human relations, and systems management. Scientific Management Scientific management, which is said to of been made by Frederick Taylor who first did time and motion studies, is the first management style out of the three and was mostly used in the early 1900s. (Peak, 2012). The focus of scientific management laid down the fundamental principles of large-scale manufacturing through assembly-line factories. It emphasized standardization and rationalization of work through division of labor, time and motion studies, and measurement. This was also known as â€Å"Taylorism. † (Backer, 1998). In Frederick’s early days, he worked in the steel mills and was eventually hired as chief engineer. After years of working he became interested in coming up with different methods for greater productivity in workers, so he recommended giving hourly breaks among other methods. Taylor’s way soon proved to be a drastic change to the work force with the cut in manufactured goods, and wages getting increased. (Backer, 2012). Scientific management became more widely known after World War I when managers moved into more high managed position. By the 1920s, the new management system started being promoted by some of the biggest companies and industrial engineering grew into a popular career field, and is still popular today. Industrial engineers today are still taught the scientific management way through time and motion studies, wage determination, and production planning. (Backer, 2012). Human Relations Management Beginning in the 1930s, human relations management arose to help impose a sense of dignity and pride into employee’s work ethics. In the 1930s police departments were known to use this management theory most. The human relations theory is often referred to as the â€Å"motivational† theory and assumes that people want to work and that they are self-motivated. (Peak, 2012). This theory was based a lot from the X Y theories, the motivational part coming from the Y. X on the other hand presumed that employees are unmotivated and lazy, and are only in to reap the benefits and rewards of getting paid. The main focus for implementing the human relations management style was because it was assumed that the organization would prosper as long as it helped the employees prosper. However, soon police departments decided that this wasn’t the right route for their organization to go because employees began to give less but expect more. (Peak, 2012). Systems Management Lastly, there is the systems management, a combination of both human relations management and scientific management. It was implemented to focus both on business productivity as well as the needs of the employees. In order to understand the systems management style, there needs to be a comprehension of a system. What is a system? A system is made of a variety of parts that work together to achieve a mutual goal. (Peak, 2012). Managers that go by the systems management way examine the patterns and events in the workplace in order to coordinate different programs to work together as a whole for the overall goal of the organization rather than just targeting different departments. (Peak, 2012). It used to be that managers would focus all their attention to one department, and when done, would focus all their attention to a different department. In the end, one department would be great, while all the others were different and didn’t sync well with the others. Most Effective and Disadvantages In order for today’s criminal justice system to work correctly, the best management theory would be the systems theory. The criminal justice system needs to have a structured and organized system in order to make things work, the systems management theory focuses on the overall goals of the departments as a whole, rather than focusing just on one goal for each department. Criminal justice is a system; there are several different parts that need to work together in order for it to work. This would include all components, such as the courts, police, and corrections. They all need to be on the same page in order to keep the balance between the three and avoid chaos. A disadvantage of scientific management in criminal justice was that the style focused more on the production and the needs of the organizations over caring for the needs and wants of the employees. The disadvantages of the human relations theory, was that is focused too much on the employees. With too much focus on the employees, the goals of the organization became secondary. Employees were being rewarded, and soon, employees expected more for less work. (Peak, 2012). Conclusion All three different management styles explained above have all been implemented and used in past and present organizations and seemed to work for some, while it didn’t work for others. Today, the systems management is the most popular however; the scientific management style is still used in the engineering field. Overall, the systems management style seems to be the best fit for companies of all sorts because this way of management seems to focus on all aspects of a business rather than just one here and one there. A business is a system; there are several components that work together in order to make the business a success, and the systems management theory is the best fit.